What is Options Trading?

When you are trading stocks or currency pairs in the forex market, your trading is very straight forward. In stocks, you are either buying or selling a stock. If you buy a stock and it doesn’t go anywhere, you make no money (assuming there is no dividend on the stock).

When trading options, you can make money if the stock goes up, down or goes absolutely nowhere. Options also allow you to hedge or decrease risk on stocks in your portfolio.

This is just one of the many ways options are a totally different animal vs traditional stock buying/selling.

When you buy or sell an option, you are not trading the underlying directly. You are not actually buying the stock itself, so you are not owning the shares directly. However you are trading their price, direction and value very much the same.

In addition to this unique form of trading, if you buy a stock, you want that stock to go up in value or down in value if you have shorted the stock. However, with options, you can make money if the stock goes up, down or doesn’t move at all which is a very unique property of options.

Contract Between Two Parties

When you’re buying or selling options, you’re essentially buying or selling a contract between two parties (the buyer and the seller).

Let’s go through an analogy which will make it easier to understand.

If you own a car in the US, you legally have to have insurance on that car. The insurance policy protects you with certain accidents, liabilities, etc. When you buy insurance, you are buying it from an insurance company who is authorized to sell that insurance policy.

You pay them a monthly ‘premium’ and they offer you coverage. In case you didn’t know it, insurance companies are highly profitable businesses because they are typically selling you insurance at a greater cost than the actual value they most often provide.

Hence the ‘premium’ (i.e. insurance policy) they are selling you is more expensive than it should be.

With options trading, the ‘buyer’ of the option is like the car owner wanting insurance. The ‘seller’ is like the insurance company. Except the only difference is, with options trading, you don’t need to be an insurance company to sell an option, you just need the necessary capital to cover that option.

Thus, if you buy an option, you pay a ‘premium’ (like you do with your car insurance). If you sell an option, you collect that premium from the moment you enter the trade, which is called a ‘credit’ that you receive for selling the option contract.

Now this sounds great as you can (like the insurance company) collect that premium, and thus collect a regular income by selling options. However, you must be able to honor those obligations in the option contract if the counterpart (the buyer) ‘exercises’ the option.

We’ll cover later the process of ‘exercising’ and ‘assigning’ which is a more advanced concept. For now, just make sure to understand that you can now (with options trading) take both sides of the transaction, but you do so as a buyer (payer of premium) or seller (collector of premium) for said option contracts.

Advantages to Trading Options

Below are what I consider to be the main advantages to trading options:

Leverage & Margin – when you trade options, you get more leverage than if you traded the underlying directly because every single option contract controls 100 shares of the stock.

Market Neutral Strategies – if you buy a stock or forex pair, you want that stock/pair to go up in value. You make no money if it goes nowhere in price, and lose money if it goes down.

However when trading options, you can actually make money if the stock or pair goes absolutely nowhere in value. These are called ‘market neutral’ strategies, meaning they make money if the price of the stock/pair goes nowhere.

Pretty cool eh?

Neutralizing Risk – how many times have you bought a stock, the price goes against you, but you still want to hold your position? Probably many…

But what if you wanted to ‘hedge’ your position (i.e. neutralize or reduce) the risk in your trade?

Options are one of the best ways to do that because you can be long a stock and yet buy (or sell) an option which will either a) reduce your downside risk if your trade goes against you, or b) give you money for selling an option against your trade.

Collecting Premium – as mentioned before, if you buy a stock, you do not get ‘paid’ to enter that position. However, with options (particularly selling option contracts) you collect a premium, and thus get ‘paid’ to enter the trade.

Unlimited Upside – there are many options contracts where the upside potential for profit is unlimited. This requires a greater understanding of options contracts, pricing, etc., but there are situations where your potential upside is unlimited.

Fixed Risk/Profit – along with the point above, there are also option contracts you can trade that have fixed risk, along with a fixed amount of profit you can make, no matter how much the stock or pair moves for or against you.

Put/Call Ratio – one of the great things about options is your options broker should give you access to the put/call ratio. This is the ratio of traders buying calls (bullish option trades) vs puts (bearish option trades). This in essence gives you an insight into the order flow and sentiment of a particular stock by seeing the ratio and how those options were traded on that stock.

Making Money With The Price Not Hitting Your Target – yep, you heard that right. Because of a unique feature about options pricing, you can actually make money without the stock price hitting your target on your option (called the ‘strike price’).

Implied Volatility – a concept you will learn about in options is ‘implied volatility’ which is a measurement which reflects the markets ‘view’ that stock XYZ will change over time. Essentially implied volatility is the market’s projection or forecast of a likely movement in the stock price.

Implied volatility usually increases in bearish markets and decreases in bullish ones, but this is not fixed. This gives you an advantage because it gives you a relative ‘insight’ into how much the overall market thinks stock XYZ will move over the life of that option.

Disadvantages to Trading Options

Don’t get to own the actual shares – when you are trading options, you don’t actually own the shares as you’re trading a contract on the shares. Hence any dividend or shareholder access you get by owning the shares are not available when trading options.

Can have unlimited risk – while we mentioned the possibility of having unlimited upside, there are some options that expose you to unlimited risk.

Lesser liquidity – unlike stocks, options trading is definitely less liquid. For the larger and mid cap stocks, you most likely won’t have any issues of finding a buyer or seller for your option trade. However not all stocks have options on them, and some that do have much less options to trade than actual shares.

Spreads – because stocks have greater liquidity, they more often have tighter spreads due to the increased liquidity. Options (having lesser liquidity) thus often have wider spreads.

This is not always the case, but it’s definitely a potential out there for option bid/ask spreads to be wider than the actual stock itself.

Time decay – if I own a stock, and the stock hasn’t hit my stock price, if it takes a day, a week or a month to hit my profit target, I still make the same profit.

However, with options there are times where the longer it takes to hit your profit target, the less money you make. This is called ‘time decay’ which we’ll explore later. Time decay can actually work to your advantage, but it can also be a negative.

Complicated – and lastly, as you might have guessed, because of the increased complexity in trading options, the learning curve can be steeper. Options inherently are more complicated than simply buying/selling stocks or forex pairs.

Buying & Selling Options

You can be an option buyer or an option seller. What this means is you can be a call buyer (bullish on stock XYZ) or a call seller (neutral to bearish on stock XYZ). You can also be a put buyer (bearish on stock XYZ) or a put seller (neutral to bullish on stock XYZ).

You can always be an option buyer or seller of option contracts depending upon your view of XYZ stock and where you see the stock going in the future.

Option Premium

All option contracts have a ‘premium’ for those who want to buy it. Just like if you want to buy your car or fire insurance, you are a buyer of car/fire insurance and have to pay the ‘premium’ of the contract to the seller of the insurance. Options are exactly the same as the insurance analogy.

If you want to buy a call on XYZ stock (e.g. you are bullish) then you will have to pay a premium. In essence, you have to pay a cost to buy that call option and contract.

If you are an option seller of the call on XYZ stock (e.g. you are bearish or neutral) then you collect the premium the option buyer will pay for the call option.

Option premiums are paid up front, so if you buy a call or put, you pay up front to enter the trade. The option seller collects the premium up front once they sell the option contract to the option buyer.

Premiums are calculated based upon price of the stock (or underlying), price in relation to strike price (we’ll explain strike prices shortly), length of time for the option contract and volatility.

You don’t have to calculate premium as all brokers will do this for you.

Premiums are priced based on dollars and cents. So if the premium you have to pay to buy XYZ stock is $2.10, then you will have to pay $2.10 x 100 shares (as all option contracts control 100 shares of the stock) which = $210.

If the premium is priced at $.45, then you will pay $.45 x 100 = $45.

If you sell a contract at $2.10, you will receive $210 credit (per option contract). If you sell an option contract for $.45c, then you will receive $45 (per option contract). Hence this is how you understand option pricing and premiums.

The Option Strike Price

All option contracts have a strike price. The strike price is the price the option contract can be bought or sold when exercised.

Only option buyers can ‘exercise’ options. When they do, the option is ‘assigned’ to the option seller.

For call options, the strike price is the price the stock/underlying security can be bought at by the option buyer, whereas for put options, the strike price is the price whereby the security or stock can be sold by the put buyer.

For example, if stock XYZ is currently at $40, and you are wanting to buy a $45 call option on XYZ stock, you need the stock to rise above your $45 strike price by expiration to profit. The strike price is what you can buy the stock at even if it rises above your $45 strike price. This means if XYZ stock closes at $50 by your expiration date, you can buy stock XYZ at your $45 strike price, and profit from the difference between your $45 call strike price and the current price of the stock ($50), thus profiting $5.00 per share.

The Option Expiration

All option contracts have expiration dates. This is a major difference from trading spot forex or stocks. When you buy a stock, there is no date you have to exit the trade. As long as it doesn’t hit your stop loss or take profit, you can remain in the trade indefinitely.

With options, all option contracts have an expiry date, so you have to learn to time your trades and where you think they will be (or can be) by the expiration date of the option.

Traditional option contracts are what we call ‘monthly’ options, meaning they expire at a fixed date for the month which is usually the 3rd Friday of each month.

The key thing to understand about the expiration date is that your option has to hit its price by the expiration date to profit from your option.

For example, if you bought a $50 call on XYZ stock to expire September 18th, and on September 18th at the market close, the price is $49.99, your call will expire worthless since it didn’t achieve its target ($50) by the expiration date.

Hence think of the expiration date as the final date your option contract is valid for and can profit from. If you have an option in profit before the expiration date and you were the option buyer, you can exercise the option for profit before the expiration date.

ATM, ITM & OTM Definitions

Now that we’ve covered the expiration date, it’s time to cover the terms ATM, ITM and OTM.

ATM = At The Money, and it essentially means that the current price of the stock is at the money of your strike price.

ITM = In The Money. This means that the current price of the stock is in the money of your strike price.
OTM = Out of The Money which means the current price of the stock is out of the money of your strike price.

For example, if you buy a call on XYZ at $50, and the stock price is currently around $50, the option would be ‘at the money’.

Using the same example, if you buy a call on XYZ stock at $50, and the stock is anywhere above $50, then the option would be considered ITM or ‘in the money’ because it’s a profitable option (hence ‘in’ the money, or profit).

For OTM (out of the money) options with our same example, if you have a $50 call on XYZ stock and the price of the stock is below $50, then the option would be considered ‘out of the money’ because it’s not profitable, therefore ‘out’ of the money (or profit).

Options P&L Charts/Diagrams

The last key component for understanding options is the option P&L chart. It’s what helps you evaluate the option contract and at what prices the option would be in profit (and by how much) or not.

They are simple tools to help you analyze your option strategy or trade.

Let’s look at the following P&L diagram below and analyze it in detail.

Looking at the chart above, you’ll see an x-axis/line which represents the stock price at expiration. You can see the $30 strike price, $40 strike price, and $50 strike price.

The y-axis/line represents the profit and loss of your option. So anything above the x-axis will be in profit and anything below the x-axis will be in a loss.

Now this chart is what a call option looks like in terms of P&L.

Since the line starts at -$200, it means that you bought the call option on XYZ stock at $40 for $2.00 per contract. In this case, you bought one option contract since your option cost you $200 ($2.00 x 1 contract).

Since you bought the option contract, you’re max loss is what you paid for the option (i.e. $200). No matter what happens to the stock price from here, you cannot lose more than $200.

Now if you notice the red/orange line starts to ascend and crosses the x-axis at $42. This is because you bought the $40 call for $2.00, so you need the price of the stock to climb above $42 to make a profit. The call is at $40 and the cost of the option is $2.00, hence the stock has to climb $2.00 above your $40 call strike price to profit.

The line also ascends up towards infinity, because technically, that is what you can make in terms of profit as the stock rises above $42. Whatever price the stock closes above $42 at expiration is what you will profit.

So if the stock closes at $45, you will profit $5.00 from your $40 strike price minus the cost of the option ($2.00). This means you will profit $3.00 per contract x 100 shares.

For one option contract, that will = $3.00 x 1 contract x 100 shares = $300 profit.

The key points to understand about the option P&L diagrams is the x-axis will always represent the strike price at expiration and the y-axis will represent the profit (if above the x-axis) or loss (if below the x-axis).

In Closing

Make sure to review everything in this article in detail. How well you understand these components will determine how well you can trade options, as these are the primary pieces of the puzzle you need to understand to quantify and fully understand for your option trades.

Be sure to read our article on Calls & Puts next.

All option strategies are built using calls and puts. Once you fully understand how calls and puts work, you have the foundation to explore all options, strategies and setups going forward, whether they are more complex or not.

All options are calls and puts or variations and combinations of calls and puts, so your ability to get this down is super important, and it will allow you to start making your first option trades.

In this article, we’re going to simplify calls and puts, show you how they work, how you can trade them and why you’d want to trade call and put options.

Call Options

So starting off with calls, a call option can be simply defined as an option that gives the option holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy shares of a stock at an agreed upon price on or before a specific date.

A put is simply the opposite of a call. It gives the option holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell shares of a stock at an agreed upon price on or before a specific date.

Now, I’ve talked about on or before a specific date and I’ve talked about an agreed upon price. What are those? The strike price is the agreed upon price the stock can be bought or sold at. Also, all option contracts have an expiration date.

Unlike buying stock in and of itself, if you want to buy 100 shares of Apple, there’s no expiration date on that. As long as it doesn’t hit your stop loss or take profit, you can hold that position indefinitely. There’s no time that that trade will expire.

However, all options have an expiration date and that’s the specific date that option contracts expire. So these four definitions for calls, puts, strike and expiration date, those are the bare bones that are in every single option contract.

Let’s go through a very simple example of a call and a put.

Let’s say you are going to buy a call on a stock at $50 with what we call 30 DTA or 30 days to expiration. Owning this call option allows you to purchase a stock at $50 per share, which is the strike price, between today and the next 30 days, which is the expiration.

So if the stock goes from $50 to $75, your call option allows you to buy the stock at $50 regardless of the fact that it’s trading at $75 today. That means that you can exercise this call option on the stock, purchase the stock at $50 per share and thus profit $25 per share and you can do this with a lot less margin than buying the stock outright.

I’ll explain that in terms of margin and leverage and option shortly, but let’s go over a put option to kind of give you the same example. So we’re going to buy a put option on the same stock at the same strike price of $50 with 30 days to expiration.

Owning this put option allows you to sell the stock at the stock price of $50 per share between the time you buy the option and the expiration date or 30 days from now, regardless of where the stock is at.

So if the stock crashes from 50 to $25, then your put option allows you to sell the stock at $50 per share, which is your strike price, even though the stock is at $25 right now, which means you can profit $25 per share.

Now, the question must be coming into your mind, why would you buy a call or a put option versus trading the stock directly? This is a very good question, there are several reasons to buy calls and puts instead of trading the underlying directly, i.e. the stock.

For example, if you buy a stock at $50 per share and you buy 100 shares, you’re going to have to put up $5,000 in margin if you have a cash account. If you have a margin account, you’ll have to put up $2,500. And if you have a day trading account, which is any account above $25,000, then you can put up $1,250 a margin.

Now, owning this stock at $50 means the stock could technically go to zero, so technically you have $5,000 of risk if the stock goes to zero. This is where a put option comes in. Remember, if you buy a put option on the same stock with a $50 strike price, if the stock price goes down, the put option gains in value while your stock trade loses value.

Think of it like buying insurance on your stock position. The put option will protect your stock trade, even though your stock trade itself is losing value, your put option is gaining value. So it’s like getting insurance or hedging the risk on your long stock position.

Now, what about a call option? Well, you can just flip that scenario. Let’s say you want to sell a stock that you think is going down in price and it’s also currently priced at $50. If you sell 100 shares of that stock at $50, technically the stock can go to infinity, so your risk is unlimited on this short stock trade.

But if you buy a call option, you are hedging your short stock trade because your call option gains in value as the stock goes up. So again, you are buying insurance on this short stock trade. Hence, one of the main reasons to buy and sell options is to protect, hedge or buy insurance on your long or short stock positions.

Another reason to buy calls and puts is leverage. Options have more leverage than buying and selling stocks outright. For example, going back to our long stock trade at $50. If you go long the stock at $50 by buying 100 shares, you have to put up $5,000 in the cash account, $2,500 if you have a margin account and $1,250 if you have a day trading account.

However, with options, you can control 100 shares of the stock for much less. So let’s say a call option on this same stock at $50 with 30 days to expiration costs $2.50. Now, if you remember from earlier, each option contract represents or controls 100 shares of that stock.

So if you buy one option contract for $2.50, times 100 shares equals $250. So you can own a call option contract on the same stock for $250 versus having to put down $5,000 or $2,500 or $1,250 in margin.

That means you get a lot more leverage trading options and therefore you can use that capital to make other trades as well. This is another advantage to buying calls and puts.

Now, let’s talk with you through a couple examples of call and put options and how that works.

Let’s say you own 100 shares of a stock at $50 and you have a downside risk on that stock if it falls.

You decide to buy a put option on that stock for the same $50 strike price at $2.50 or $250 in margin to protect your long position.

If the stock climbs from $50 to $60, you gain $10 per share on your long stock position. This gives you $1,000 profit, which is $10 per share x 100 shares equals $1,000.

But you also bought insurance on this stock trade. You bought a put option, which costs you $250, so your net profit is $750 to protect your long stock position.

This is one example of how you can use options to protect or hedge your stock trades.

Now, let’s look at that same example with your stock price falling.

So you bought 100 shares of XYZ stock at $50 and you also bought the $50 put option with 30 days to expiration at $2.50, which is $250 of your capital.

Let’s say the stock falls from $50 to $40 per share.

On your long stock trade, you’re losing $10 per share x 100 shares, that’s $1,000 loss. However, you have a long put option that gains in value if the stock falls and that put option allows you to short the stock at $50.

Thus, you can exercise that put or your put option insurance and get $10 per share on that put option, so you lose $1,000 on your short stock trade, but you gain $1,000 on your long put option, which is a net zero loss.

You did pay $250 for this put option and insurance, so instead of losing $1,000 on this trade, you only lose $250, which is much better than taking the full $1,000 loss.

For every single loss you had on all your trades this year, instead of losing the full amount, the full loss that you took, what if you took anywhere between 25 and 75% less than your full losing position? How much would that help your account?

This is one of the benefits of trading options. It gives you a natural way to protect your trades by giving you that insurance. Now, what if you don’t want to buy insurance on your stock trades or what if you want to trade the stock prices without actually owning the stocks? That is the benefit of trading options.

Now, let’s say you don’t own any shares of a stock, but you want to own shares in the stock or profit from the stock price’s movement. You’re bullish on it, however, the stock is too expensive, say at $300 per share. This is where call options and then option leverage comes in.

Call options, as you recall, gain in value if the stock goes up and they give you better leverage than owning the stock outright.

So to buy 100 shares of a $300 stock, requires $30,000 of margin if you have a cash account. If you have a margin account, you have to put in $15,000 in margin. And if you have a day trading account, you have to put $7,500 down in margin.

But let’s say you don’t have that $7,500 in margin to buy the stock, this is where option leverage comes in. This is where call options come in. You can buy a call option at the $300 strike price with 30 days to expiration. That gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy 100 shares of that stock at $300 per share anytime between now and the next 30 days.

Now, let’s say this call option costs you $5. That means you have to pay $5 x 100 shares, that’s $500. That’s much better than putting the $7,500 minimum just to own 100 shares of that $300 stock.

Now, let’s examine two scenarios using options. One where the price goes up and another where the price goes down.

In the first example, the stock goes from $300 to $325. You own a 300 call option for $500 or $5. The stock appreciated $25. At 100 shares per option contract, you can now exercise that call option, which means you can buy that stock at $300, even though it’s now at $25 a share. That’s a $2,500 profit. The math is $25 a share x 100 shares, so a profit of $2,500.

However, you did buy the call option for $500, so your net profit on this call option trade is $2,000. If you had bought the stock outright, you would have a $2,500 profit, but you would also have to put up that $7,500 in margin.

And if you didn’t have the margin to buy the stock, you wouldn’t be able to profit from the stock’s bullish move. That’s where options can allow you to profit from stocks while not having to put up for as much margin.

That’s pretty cool.

Now, in the second scenario, you bought that same call option at the $300 strike price for $5 or $500 in margin. Let’s say the stock price falls to $275. Well, that call option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy the stock, so you don’t have to exercise that option and there’s no point in exercising that option, that call option, if the stock price falls.

So if you were long 100 shares of that stock at $300 and it falls to $275, you lose $2,500. However, by buying that call option for $500, you only lost that $500. Hence, options can allow you to buy stocks with greater leverage and also reduce your risk. This is the power of trading options. You can put out much less capital, have less risk, all for the exchange of a small premium. The same goes for put options.

So, to recap, call options are options that allow you to buy a stock at a set price, which is called the strike price, within a specific timeframe, which is the expiration date, on or before that date.

Put options are the opposite. They allow you to sell a stock at a set price, a strike, within a specific timeframe, the expiration date, on or before that date. To buy a call or put option, you get greater leverage, you have less risk, but you do have to pay a premium.

Now, as we also mentioned, you can use those calls or puts to buy insurance on your long or short stock trades. This gives you the option to hedge or reduce your risk on those same long and short stock trades.

It’s important to understand that even if you think the stock is going up or down, there are certain times where you should buy calls and puts and there are certain times you should not buy those calls and puts.

In closing, calls and puts are the basic building blocks of all options. If you get this down, you understand options and how the basic building blocks of options work.

What Are Long-Term Equity Anticipation Options?

LEAP options are simply option contracts with expiration dates that are one year or longer in duration. Other than the length of the expiration date being 1 year plus, they are technically and functionally the same as other listed options.

If you remember from our option trading 101 article, an option contract grants the buyer the right (but not the obligation) to buy or sell (dependent upon the option being a call or a put), the underlying asset at a predetermined price (strike) on or before a specific date (expiration).

If LEAP options are the same functionally as regular options, then why would a trader or long-term investor use LEAP options?

There are several reasons, such as:

• Long term investors looking to use options to trade a long-term trend
• To hedge a long or short position in your portfolio
• To control shares in the underlying while having a lesser margin requirement
• To have a lesser price sensitivity to changes in the underlying security

Hence, there are several reasons a long-term stock trader or investor should consider LEAP options as an alternative to buying the stock outright.

Now when you compare LEAP options vs short-term options, a few advantages stand out, such as:

• LEAP options suffer less from Theta decay (time) because they have more time to accomplish their objectives
• LEAP options act more like the underlying security due to delta being higher vs short term options

However, LEAP options also have some disadvantages vs short-term options, including:

• Higher premiums
• Lessor availability (lower volumes)

Thus, when considering to use a LEAP option vs buying the underlying security, it’s important for option traders and investors to consider the pros and cons of LEAP options.

We also mentioned using LEAP options to hedge as they can be an effective tool for doing so. For example, let’s say you own 1000 shares of Microsoft (Nasdaq: MSFT) at the start of the new year, but you’re concerned about an increase in volatility in the stock, and a significant potential pullback in the price of the stock (20% or greater).

Currently, MSFT is trading for $280 per share (as of July 21st, 2021) and you think the stock can lose 20% of its value over the next year and want to protect your stock position in Microsoft, but don’t want to close out your position should it fall 20% or more. This is where you may want to consider a LEAP option (in this case, a put) with an expiration date 1 year out (July 22’).

A 20% decline in the stock would change its price from $280 to $224 per share, thus creating a risk of $56 per share x 1000 shares, so a $56,000 decline in your portfolio.

However, the Jul 22 puts at $280 are pricing at $20.50 (theoretically) which means for $20.50 x 10 option contracts (1 contract = 100 shares, so 10 contracts = 1000 shares), or $20,500, you can own a put option that will gain in value if the price of Microsoft falls over the next year.

Hence for a much lower price, you can hedge (or protect) your long stock position buying put options on MSFT. So, while you will be losing money on your stock position, you’ll be gaining money on your long puts, thus ‘hedging’ your long stock position.
This is one of the many ways long-term investors and option traders can use LEAP options.

Another potential strategy for using LEAP options is to buy index LEAP’s, which will give you exposure to the index while not technically owning any of the stocks in the index.

In Closing

There are many reasons to consider using LEAP options, whether as an investment strategy, to get exposure for less margin, or for hedging, long-term investors and option traders should consider using LEAP options for their portfolio.

LEAP options have been some of my most profitable trades over the last few years (20’, 21’), and I’ll continue to use them both as a trader and long-term investor.

To learn more about calls, puts, and trading options, make sure to check out our option trading 101 article.